(北京科技大學(xué) 土木與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院，北京 100083)
摘 要: 選擇云南某典型錫選礦廠為研究對(duì)象，根據(jù)產(chǎn)污節(jié)點(diǎn)設(shè)置廢水、粉塵、固體廢棄物的采樣點(diǎn)，通過取樣、測(cè)試分析研究不同節(jié)點(diǎn)的重金屬污染特征，應(yīng)用單因子指數(shù)法和內(nèi)梅羅綜合污染指數(shù)法評(píng)價(jià)其污染狀況，并對(duì)重金屬總量進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。結(jié)果表明：錫選礦行業(yè)產(chǎn)生的廢水以及粉塵中的重金屬元素含量明顯高于其參比值，尾礦中Zn、As、Cu、Pb含量較高，平均含量分別為2225、1855、870.50、417 mg/kg，尾礦庫(kù)周邊表土重金屬含量明顯超過背景值并和尾礦中重金屬污染情況基本一致。單因子指數(shù)法評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果顯示，廢水中重金屬污染程度由高到低依次為Zn、Pb、As、Hg、Cu(Cd、Cr6+、Sn未檢出)，粉塵中重金屬污染程度由大到小依次為As、Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、Cr(Sn缺乏參比值)，尾礦庫(kù)周邊表土重金屬污染程度由大到小依次為Zn、As、Pb、Cu、Cr、Sn、Cd、Hg。內(nèi)梅羅綜合指數(shù)法結(jié)果表明：精礦過濾設(shè)備和粉礦倉(cāng)這兩個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的重金屬污染能力最高，而尾礦庫(kù)周邊土壤綜合污染指數(shù)達(dá)到21.73，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過5級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。重金屬總量對(duì)比分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，研究礦區(qū)已經(jīng)形成多種重金屬?gòu)?fù)合污染的特征，其中重金屬產(chǎn)生絕對(duì)量由大到小依次為Zn、As、Cu、Pb、Sn、Cr、Cd、Hg，且尾礦重金屬產(chǎn)生量所占比例最高，達(dá)到79.17%。
關(guān)鍵字: 錫；選礦；重金屬；污染特征
（School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing100083, China）
Abstract:In order to investigate the pollution characteristics of heavy metals in a typical tin mineral processing plant in Yunnan, the water, dust and tailings samples from the discharging nodes were tested by ICP-OES, and single factor pollution index method and Nemerow integrated index method were used to evaluate the status of heavy metal pollution. Finally, the heavy metal contents were analyzed for contrast. The results show that the metal contents in the water and dust samples are higher than reference values. The contents of Zn, As, Cu and Pb in the tailings samples are rich and the average values are 2225, 1855, 870.50 and 417 mg/kg, respectively. The metal contents in soils surrounding the tailings exceed the background levels and are similar to the tailings pollution status. The results of single factor pollution index method shows that the pollution degree of water is in the decreasing order of Zn, Pb, As, Hg, Cu, As, Cd, Cu, and the pollution degrees of dust and soil samples in the decreasing orders of Zn, Pb, Hg, Cr and Zn, As, Pb, Cu, Cr, Sn, Cd, Hg, respectively. The Nemerow integrated index results suggest that the pollution degrees of concentrate filtration and fine ore bin are the highest. The Nemerow integrated index of soil samples is 21.73, which is significantly higher than the standard value of surface water class Ⅳ. The comparative analysis shows that the tin mineral processing plant becomes a combined polluted area by various metals, and the amount of heavy metals is in the decreasing order of Zn, As, Cu, Pb, Sn, Cr, Cd and Hg, and the ratio of heavy metals from tailings is 79.17%, which accounts for the most.
Key words: tin; mineral processing; heavy metal; pollution characteristics
